Ibrahim Sirkeci

LITTLE TURKEY IN GREAT BRITAIN by Ibrahim Sirkeci, Tuncay Bilecen, Yakup Costu, Saniye Dedeoglu, M. Rauf Kesici, B. Dilara Seker, Fethiye Tilbe, K. Onur Unutulmaz is about Turkish movers in Britain. Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and enclaves of Turkish origin have emerged only in the last four to five decades. Earlier groups arrived were Cypriots fleeing the troubled island in the Eastern Mediterranean whilst Turks and Kurds of the mainland were not even considering the UK as a destination. This book is about these contemporary movers from Turkey, their movement trajectories, practices, and integration in Britain. Eight researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds and methodological schools came together to do the ground work for the students of this emerging subfield of human mobility studies. Turkey is now at the forefront of accommodating large scale inward mobility mostly due to the crisis in Syria and Iraq. This also brings some attention to Turkey's own diaspora populations.

In Part 1 of this volume, James Carrier argues that anthropology finds itself in the midst of two crises. The first is internal, emerging from concerns over the future of our field and the role anthropology can play beyond the academy. The second is external, emerging from the economic crisis that began in 2008 (and which, though officially over, continues to challenge populations around the world). Although they have very different origins, Carrier says that both are reflections of neoliberal ideology and policy. The discipline's external crisis was brought about by the failure of neoliberal economic policy; the internal crisis reflects the influence in the discipline of a world view that echoes the neoliberal approach to people defined as independent actors who should be free of social constraints that can limit their ability to act as they wish. Echoing the tenets of neoliberal ideology, the proponents of neoliberal reform argue that they seek to promote individual freedom at the local and the national level, by removing the constraint of government control of economy and society. This not only promotes that freedom, they argue, it also facilitates economic growth. Those proponents recognise that there may be societal losses, and that impoverished, rural communities may be particularly at risk, but they argue that this is a small price to pay for the greater freedom and prosperity that will come to urban populations and to the country more generally (see the discussion in Huber and Solt 2003). Neoliberal ideologies and their emphasis on the individual as a decision-maker tend to limit the strength and logic of anthropological investigations that focus on individuals as members of social groups. One aspect of this is the neoliberal argument that the community is coercive and limits the individual, which leaves little space for the anthropological study of society and the contests that surround social belonging. Another aspect is the way that neoliberal ideologies construe people as economic beings, rational decision-makers who are motivated by the drive for personal gain and success rather than shared values and practices, which can only hinder their efforts to achieve that success. In this chapter, we examine the rise of neoliberal ideology and the growth of neoliberal reforms as they relate to the study and practice of migration. We argue that migration neither can nor should be reduced to the decision of an individual mover or migrant. Instead, we argue that it should be approached as a

In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particu-lar Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emi-gration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.

Turkish Migration Conference 2015 was held at Charles University Prague from 25 to 27 June 2015 and attended by over 200 academics presenting research on Turkish migration, migration in, to, through and from Turkey. The conference was chaired by Ibrahim Sirkeci, and co-chaired by Philip Martin, Jeffrey Cohen, Wadim Strielkowski and Inna Cabelkova.

Cultures of Migration
The Global Nature of Contemporary Mobility

By Jeffrey H. Cohen and Ibrahim Sirkeci

Around the globe, people leave their homes to better themselves, to satisfy needs, and to care for their families. They also migrate to escape undesirable conditions, ranging from a lack of economic opportunities to violent conflicts at home or in the community. Most studies of migration have analyzed the topic at either the macro level of national and global economic and political forces, or the micro level of the psychology of individual migrants. Few studies have examined the "culture of migration"—that is, the cultural beliefs and social patterns that influence people to move.

Cultures of Migration combines anthropological and geographical sensibilities, as well as sociological and economic models, to explore the household-level decision-making process that prompts migration. The authors draw their examples not only from their previous studies of Mexican Oaxacans and Turkish Kurds but also from migrants from Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific, and many parts of Asia. They examine social, economic, and political factors that can induce a household to decide to send members abroad, along with the cultural beliefs and traditions that can limit migration. The authors look at both transnational and internal migrations, and at shorter- and longer-term stays in the receiving location. They also consider the effect that migration has on those who remain behind. The authors' "culture of migration" model adds an important new dimension to our understanding of the cultural beliefs and social patterns associated with migration and will help specialists better respond to increasing human mobility.

"During the 2008 financial crisis, the possible changes in remittance-sending behavior and potential avenues to alleviate a probable decline in remittance flows became concerns. This book brings together a wide array of studies from around the world focusing on the recent trends in remittance flows. The authors have gathered a select group of researchers from academic, practitioner and policy making bodies. Thus the book can be seen as a conversation between the different stakeholders involved in or affected by remittance flows globally. The book is a first-of-its-kind attempt to analyze the effects of an ongoing crisis on remittance flows globally.

Data analyzed by the book reveals three trends. First, The more diversified the destinations and the labour markets for migrants the more resilient are the remittances sent by migrants. Second, the lower the barriers to labor mobility, the stronger the link between remittances and economic cycles in that corridor. And third, as remittances proved to be relatively resilient in comparison to private capital flows, many remittance-dependent countries became even more dependent on remittance inflows for meeting external financing needs.

There are several reasons for migration and remittances to be relatively resilient to the crisis. First, remittances are sent by the stock (cumulative flows) of migrants, not only by the recent arrivals (in fact, recent arrivals often do not remit as regularly as they must establish themselves in their new homes). Second, contrary to expectations, return migration did not take place as expected even as the financial crisis reduced employment opportunities in the US and Europe. Third, in addition to the persistence of migrant stocks that lent persistence to remittance flows, existing migrants often absorbed income shocks and continued to send money home. Fourth, if some migrants did return or had the intention to return, they tended to take their savings back to their country of origin. Finally, exchange rate movements during the crisis caused unexpected changes in remittance behavior: as local currencies of many remittance recipient countries depreciated sharply against the US dollar, they produced a 'sale' effect on remittance behavior of migrants in the US and other destination countries.

Contents

Foreword........................................................................... xv
Otaviano Canuto and Hans Timmer
Acknowledgments........................................................... xvii
Contributors..................................................................... xix
Abbreviations.................................................................. xxvii
Introduction: Remittance Flows and Practices during the Crisis ................................. 1
Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Dilip Ratha
Part I
Chapter 1. Theoretical Appraisal: Understanding Remittances................................. 15
Jeffrey H. Cohen and Ibrahim Sirkeci
Chapter 2. Forecasting Migrant Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis................. 23
Sanket Mohapatra and Dilip Ratha
Chapter 3. Economic Crises and Migration: Learning from the Past and the Present............ 35
Tim Green and L. Alan Winters
Chapter 4. Remittance Flow, Working Capital Formation, and Economic Growth............... 53
Gabriela Mundaca
Part II
Chapter 5. The Financial Crisis in the Gulf and Its Impact on
South Asian Migration and Remittances......................... 67
S. Irudaya Rajan and D. Narayana
Chapter 6. Gendered Use of Remittances: The United Arab Emirates–Bangladesh Remittance Corridor........................ 81
Md Mizanur Rahman and Danièle Bélanger
Chapter 7 Trends and Correlates of Remittances to India ... 93
Poonam Gupta and Karan Singh
Chapter 8. Shocks Affecting the Flow and Stability of Workers'
Remittances to India................... 107
Bhupal Singh
Chapter 9. Migrant Remittances in Nepal: Impact of Global Financial Crisis and Policy Options ......... 121
Sanket Mohapatra, Dilip Ratha, and Ani Silwal
Chapter 10. Nepal: Migration History and Trends...... 137
Jeevan Raj Sharma
Chapter 11. Resilience of Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis and the Entrenchment of Migration............ 141
Andrea Riester
Chapter 12. Rural-Urban Migration in the Context of Thailand's Ongoing Uneven Development ........ 149
Gregory S. Gullette
Chapter 13. Migration and Remittances in Bangladesh and Pakistan: Evidence from Two Host Countries ..... 153
Guntur Sugiyarto, Carlos Vargas-Silva, and Shikha Jha
Chapter 14. Impacts of the Crisis on Migrants and Their Families:
A Case Study from Bangladesh........... 171
Guntur Sugiyarto, Selim Raihan, Carlos Vargas-Silva, and Shikha Jha
Part III
Chapter 15. The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Remittance Flows: The Case of El Salvador.......183
Pablo Acosta, Javier Baez, Rodolfo Beazley, and Edmundo Murrugarra
Chapter 16. Remittance Flows to Mexico and Employment and Total Earnings of Mexican Immigrant Workers in the United States.... 193
Jesús A. Cervantes González and Alejandro Barajas del Pino
Part IV
Chapter 17. T he Impact of the Global Economic Downturn on Remittances from the European Union....... 215
Oscar Gómez Lacalle
Chapter 18. Remittances and Evolving Migration Flows from Central and Eastern Europe to the United Kingdom....... 227
Simon Pemberton and Lisa Scullion
Chapter 19. Effects of the Global Crisis on Migration and Remittances in Albania ............... 237
Ilir Gedeshi and Nicolaas de Zwager
Chapter 20. The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Migration to and Remittance Flows from Spain...............255
Marta Roig and Joaquín Recaño-Valverde
Part V
Chapter 21. Forecasting Turkish Workers' Remittances from Germany during the Financial Crisis............... 271
Sule Akkoyunlu
Chapter 22. Remittances in an Environment of Human Insecurity: The Kurdish Case287
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Chapter 23. Financial Crisis and Remittances from Denmark to Turkey......................... 293
Pinar Yazgan and Ibrahim Sirkeci
Chapter 24. Work and Remittance Patterns of Irregular Immigrants in Turkey.................. 301
Oguzhan ??mer Demir and M. Alper Sozer
Part VI
Chapter 25. Labor Migration, Overseas Remittances, and Local Outcomes in the Contemporary Philippines..... 313
Ty Matejowsky
Chapter 26. The New Zealand–Pacific Remittance Corridor:
Lowering Remittance Costs............. 317
Don Abel and Kim Hailwood
Chapter 27. Role of Trade Openness, Remittances, Capital Inflows, and Financial Development in Vanuatu............. 323
Ronald R. Kumar
Part VII
Chapter 28. Remittances to Sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of a Financial Crisis:  Source of Resilience or Vulnerability?....... 335
Wim Naudé and Henri Bezuidenhout
Chapter 29. From Shock Absorber to Shock Transmitter:
Determinants of Remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa....... 347
Raju Jan Singh
Chapter 30. A Comparative Examination of Women's Remittance Practices in  Two Somali Communities: Johannesburg, South Africa, and Columbus, Ohio....357
Marnie Shaffer
Part VIII
Chapter 31. T he Global Crisis and Expatriates' Remittances to Lebanon..... 363
Nassib Ghobril
Chapter 32. Migrant Transfers in the MENA Region: A Two-Way Street in Which  Traffic Is Changing..........375
George Naufal and Carlos Vargas-Silva
Bibliography..........................................385
Index.....................................................421
"

Our departure point here is that the large volume of remittances sent can be an important leverage for development in countries of origin. The financial flows often follows the routes of international mobility. It means larger the expat population in a given country the more likely you will see FDI and remittance flows from these countries. This is evident in table 1: Six of the top FDI destinations from the UK appear among the 9 countries with largest immigrant stock in the country. It is also true that UK is one of the major source of remittances received in countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh thanks to large expat populations from these countries. The key fact here is that there is a strong link between financial flows (e.g. FDI and remittances) and migration profile (history, volume, composition). Hence countries with  established migration systems between are likely to have strong flows of FDIs and remittances. Then the question is what these countries are doing about it?

This case study looks at the development of a money transfer company in a dynamic and fast changing market. Transnational nature of the business as well as profiles of customers are emphasised. Ria Money Transfer is part of the Euronet, US based parent company. Aspiring to become the most progressive company in the sector, Ria deals with customers with backgrounds from all over the world. This is also reflected in the work force of the company. Operating in distinct environments, businesses are not only concerned with a multicultural body of customers, agents and clients but also multiple economic, political, technological environments with a large number of small and big competitors. This case study alludes to the questions about the key drivers of success for a transnational company with such complex web of markets, consumers, clients and competitors. Company information, direct quotes from representatives and media are used to illustrate aspects of the business and markets.

In this review paper, we refresh and update our earlier ranking list based on citations in the field of migration studies. The results are categorised and presented separately for books and reports, articles and book chapters as well as for authors. In our latest rankings, we present an updated version of the most linfluential works of all time, but with a focus on the five years period from 2011 to 2016. The results of our ranking for the last five year period are in line with most impact factor calculations that are available. Using the Google Scholar citation database and Ann Harzing software, we have created ranking lists of the most cited articles, books and authors in migration studies.

The European Union (EU) has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a 'gate keeper' in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a 'country of security'. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more EU bound refugees coming through and from Turkey.

Migration Letters have become one of the primary outlets for scholarship and research on human mobility since the launch in 2004. As editors, we have encouraged, promoted and fostered new thinking as well as out of the mainstream cases and studies. In 2018, there are several special issues planned and very interesting collections of articles are already in the production stage. Colleagues who are guest editing these special issues managed to attract excellently interesting papers. Without harming the surprise element, we can hint about the subjects broadly. These special issues will focus on high skilled migrations, migration and crime, expatriates, family, intimacy. In this regular last issue of the 14 th volume, we begin with Cooke and Shuttleworth discussing the ways in which internet and migration might be connected with a focus on migration in the US. The second article by Yotebieng aims to set an agenda for understanding the entanglement of forced migration to urban areas and policy and practice potentials around urban refugee health. Nzima and Moyo in the third article elaborate a new construct they call " diaspora trap ". Ahmed in the fourth article discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches in studying migration while also making a case for insecurity and migration debate. The fifth article by Aragonés Castañer and Salgado Nieto looks into the effects of climate change on rural populations and the circumstances under which some of them are forced to abandon their communities becoming part of international migratory flows. They found that the migration is the result of adverse economic-climatic conditions, because the poorest populations, which usually depend directly on natural resources, are the most vulnerable to climate shocks and the only way to overcome their vulnerability, has been international migration. The final article is our review of citations in migration studies. We have updated and expanded our 2015 ranking effort using Google Scholar data in the hope that these tables reflect the direction

Özet: Uzun bir danışma sürecinin sonunda kapsamlı yeni Yabancılar Uluslararası Ko-ruma Kanunu Nisan 2013'te kabul edilmiştir. Çalışma bu kanunun bireylerin korunma-sı, ve gözetim altına alınmış göçmenlerin ve geri çevrilen sığınmacıların geri gönderil-mesine etkilerini insan güvensizliği yaklaşımı ile incelemektedir. Yeni kurulan Göç İda-resi Genel Müdürlüğü yeni kanun ile bütünsel, birleşik bir sistem oluşturarak olumlu bir adım atmıştır. Geri gönderme yeni kanun ile yeniden yapılandırılmıştır. Kanun sadece Türkiye'deki uygulama ve deneyimlere dayanarak değil, dünyadaki en iyi örneklere gö-re yapılandırılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, genel olarak olumlu ve insani öncelikli bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu, göç işletmesi, göç yönetimi, geri gönderme, göç Abstract: Following a relatively long process of consultation, the new comprehensive law on foreigners and international protection came into force in April 2013. This study focuses on the implications of this law for the protection of individuals and the deportation of apprehended immigrants and refused asylum seekers from a human insecurity perspective. A unified system proposed by the new law, along with the newly created General Directorate of Migration, is a positive step. The deportation is restructured by the new law. It has been redesigned not only based on the practices and experiences in Turkey, but also based on the best practices around the world. GİRİŞ Vatandaş olmayan bir kişinin ülkeye girerek/gelerek burada kalması olgusu, onun hukuki statüsünün belirli bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmasını zorunlu kı-lar. Kişinin ülkede bulunmasının yasal veya yasadışı olma durumunu ortaya ko-yacak bu değerlendirme; mevzuattaki birçok norm yanında; bu konuda kilit kav-ramlar haline gelen ikamet, vize, sığınma ve insani koruma kurallarını dikkate

This study examines interregional migration and intermarriage of internal migrant Kurds in Turkey using the latest available census data. Unlike many other studies, birth region is used as a proxy of ethnicity due to the apparent language shift among the Kurds in Turkey.

In this chapter, we examine the rise of neoliberal ideology and the growth of neoliberal reforms as they relate to the study and practice of migration. We argue that migration neither can nor should be reduced to the decision of an individual mover or migrant. Instead, we argue that it should be approached as a

Withdrawal (WD) is not a reliable method for preventing unwanted pregnancies, yet it is still a very popular form of birth control in many societies, including Turkey. We look at the relationship between women's agency and physical space in relation to birth control choices of women in Turkey. Agency in our context refers to a woman's ability to resist domination and subordination to the patriarchal beliefs valuing her reproductivity over her pleasure.

Since 1999 local elections, an increasing number
of cities is being governed by the cadres of
HEP-DEP-HADEP line. For example, while
HADEP won 37 settlements or cities (7 city center
of provinces, 23 districts and 7 towns) in 1999
elections, under the name of BDP that political
line raised this count to 110 (10 city center of
provinces, 67 districts and 33 towns).
Since 1999, municipalities have been one of
the most significant communication/ relation
177
level for Kurdish political movement with local
people. Beside this, empowerment of local governments
have given a central role in Abdullah
Öcalan’s “democratic autonomy” solution for the
“Kurdish Problem”. Practices of those municipalities
have been shaped by the pendulum
between the hegemony of neoliberalism-Islamism
as the municipal policies in Turkey) and the processes
of clashes and negotiations between
government and Öcalan/KCK or PKK.
In this presentation, I will try to make a critical
evaluation of 15 years of municipalism
experience of cadres from HADEP to BDP by
the totality of their policies or practices. These
years have been also known as the years of the
empowerment of municipalities in the dimensions
of local autonomy and fiscal resources. Is
that empowerment carrying the potential of real
solutions to the problems arised from identity
and social-spatial problems?
In this paper, I will look for the questions
listed below: How could those municipalities use
those potentials?; What have been the potential
obstacles emanating from the mentality and practies
of municipalities; Has those municipalities
been different from the hegemonic neoliberalIslamist
municipal policies (if there is, from
which angles can we observe that difference);
how could we define the municipal practice of
HADEP-BDP line?
178
This study is mostly based on observations
and municipal publications of the concerned
cities. Besides, I will be also using works of other
writers/researchers who consider the national
struggle in combination with social-class liberation,
with women's freedom and with
preservation of nature

Analysing population patterns and behaviour of ethnic groups in Turkey is a challenge due to paucity of reliable data drawn upon representative samples as well as overall very sensitive political context. However, the ethnic differences in Turkey’s demography are significant as in many other multi-ethnic countries.

This book is a collection of selected papers presented at the 3rd Turkish Migration Conference (TMC). TMC 2015 was hosted by Charles University Prague, Czech Republic from 25 to 27 June 2015. The TMC 2015 was the third event in the series that we were proud to organise and host at Charles University Prague. This selection of papers presented at the conference are only a small portion of contributions. Many other papers are included in edited books and submitted to refereed journals in due course. There were a total of about 146 papers by over 200 authors presented in 40 parallel sessions and three plenary sessions at Jinonice Campus of Charles University Prague. About a fıfth of the sessions at the conference were in Turkish language although the main language was English. Therefore some of the proceedings are in Turkish too.
The keynote speakers included Douglas Massey of Princeton University, Caroline Brettell of Southern Methodist University, and Nedim Gürsel of CNRS.

The Migration Conference is a venue for academics, policy makers, practitioners, students and everybody who is interested in intelligent debate and research informed discussions on human mobility and its impacts around the world. The Migration Conference is an international peerreviewed scholarly event. The Migration Conferences were launched at the Regent’s Centre for Transnational Studies in 2012 when the first well attended international peer-reviewed conference with a focus on Turkish migration in Europe took place in Regent’s Park campus of Regent’s University London, UK. The Migration Conference 2018 is the sixth event in the series and coorganised by ISEG (School of Economics and Management) and IGOT (The Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning) both at Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal and Transnational Press London, UK. Previous conferences were held in London (2012), London (2014), Prague (2015), Vienna (2016), Athens (2017), and Lisbon (2018). The Migration Conference 2018 is organised with funding raised by registration fees and the following partners’ support: ISEG – Universidade de Lisboa, IGOT - Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Tourism Office of Lisbon, Portugal, Global Migration Project - Ohio State University, USA, Gifford Center - University of California Davis, USA, Regent’s University London Centre for Transnational Studies, UK, Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy Graduate School of Law, Germany, Institut de Recherche, Formation et Action sur les Migrations, Belgium, Migration Institute of Finland, Hart Publishing, UK, Transnational Press London, Migration Letters, Remittances Review, Border Crossing, Göç Dergisi, Kurdish Studies, and Journal of Gypsy Studies.

We’re pleased to welcome you to Harokopio University, Athens in August for the Migration Conference. The 5th conference in our series, the 2017 Conference is probably the largest scholarly gathering on migration with a global scope. Human mobility, border management, integration and security, diversity and minorities as well as spatial patterns, identity and economic implications have dominated the public agenda and gave an extra impetus for the study of movers and non-movers over the last decade or so. Throughout the program of the Migration Conference you will find various key thematic areas are covered in about 400 presentations by about 400 colleagues coming from all around the world from Australia to Canada, China to Mexico, South Africa to Finland. We are also proud to bring you opportunities to meet with some of the leading scholars in the field. Our line of keynote speakers include Saskia Sassen, Oded Stark, Giuseppe Sciortino, Neli Esipova, and Yüksel Pazarkaya. The Migration Conference also offers training and development opportunities and participants are encouraged to register for workshops. Dilek Cindoğlu will be running a workshop on grounded theory while Jeffrey H. Cohen and Ibrahim Sirkeci will be leading the meet the editors session. As usual we allow significant time to focus on the host country migration debates. Apostolos Papadopoulos, co-chair of the Conference will moderate the roundtable debate on Migration / Refugee Crisis and its Aftermath: Challenges for migration policy in Greece in the evening of the opening day.

"With this book, we aim to shed light on changes in migration policy, determinants beneath these changes, and practical implications for movers and non-movers in Turkey. Nevertheless, one should note that Turkey has only recently faced mass immigration and the number of foreign born has more than doubled in less than five years. Such sudden change in population composition warrants policy adjustments and reviews. Policy shift from " exporting excess labour " in the 1960s and 1970s to immigrant integration today is a drastic but necessary one. Nevertheless, Turkish migration policy is still far from settled as several chapters in this book point out. Despite the exemplary humanitarian engagement in admitting Syrians, Turkey is still at the bottom of the league table of favourable integration policies with an overall score of 25 out of 100. Turkish migration policy is likely to be adjusted further in response to the continuing immigration."

TURKISH MIGRATION 2016 SELECTED PAPERS is compiled by Deniz Eroglu, Jeffrey H. Cohen and Ibrahim Sirkeci. These papers are a corrective to the limits of the poles and to any other models that seek to dehumanize migrants and cast refugees as the victims of processes they cannot control. Our interests range across the social sciences and the humanities and engage with experiences and theories that contextualize mobility and look beyond the limits of the news cycle to answer fundamental questions about mobility and Turkish migration. The voices represented define some of the very best work taking place around the world and exploring the outcomes of mobility. In this volume there are 40 contributions under four sections covering Syrians in Turkey, Turks abroad, identity, politics and legal aspects of Turkish migration.

Theories and models of contemporary migration often revolves around neofunctional models. They define migrants as rational actors who are focused on improving their economic, social, and political well-being which is enabled by access to opportunities that are not available in their origin communities and/or countries. Nevertheless, initiation of migration is largely driven by difficulties, discomfort, disagreements, tensions, and conflicts at the origin, while migration decision and destination choices are moderated by individual characteristics, cultural and social capital as well as by the local, national, and international context. In other words, people do not move when they are satisfied and comfortable with what they have and where they are. The number of movers around the world is relatively very small. The costs of migration and other moderating effects make international population movements an exception even today with an ever increasing mobility across the world.

"The studies collected in this edited book offer evidence to our argument that migration does not provide an ultimate response to insecurities in the home countries or conflicts in traditional destinations; instead as hinted in some of the contributions, migration shifts the balance of power and security as insecurity and conflict are negotiated in the process of migration with particular reference to the Kurds and Kurdish migration."

During the 2008 financial crisis, the possible changes in remittance-sending behavior and potential avenues to alleviate a probable decline in remittance flows became concerns. This book brings together a wide array of studies from around the world focusing on the recent trends in remittance flows. The authors have gathered a select group of researchers from academic, practitioner and policy making bodies. Thus the book can be seen as a conversation between the different stakeholders involved in or affected by remittance flows globally. The book is a first-of-its-kind attempt to analyze the effects of an ongoing crisis on remittance flows globally.

Data analyzed by the book reveals three trends. First, The more diversified the destinations and the labour markets for migrants the more resilient are the remittances sent by migrants. Second, the lower the barriers to labor mobility, the stronger the link between remittances and economic cycles in that corridor. And third, as remittances proved to be relatively resilient in comparison to private capital flows, many remittance-dependent countries became even more dependent on remittance inflows for meeting external financing needs.

There are several reasons for migration and remittances to be relatively resilient to the crisis. First, remittances are sent by the stock (cumulative flows) of migrants, not only by the recent arrivals (in fact, recent arrivals often do not remit as regularly as they must establish themselves in their new homes). Second, contrary to expectations, return migration did not take place as expected even as the financial crisis reduced employment opportunities in the US and Europe. Third, in addition to the persistence of migrant stocks that lent persistence to remittance flows, existing migrants often absorbed income shocks and continued to send money home. Fourth, if some migrants did return or had the intention to return, they tended to take their savings back to their country of origin. Finally, exchange rate movements during the crisis caused unexpected changes in remittance behavior: as local currencies of many remittance recipient countries depreciated sharply against the US dollar, they produced a 'sale' effect on remittance behavior of migrants in the US and other destination countries.

Around the globe, people leave their homes to better themselves, to satisfy needs, and to care for their families. They also migrate to escape undesirable conditions, ranging from a lack of economic opportunities to violent conflicts at home or in the community. Most studies of migration have analyzed the topic at either the macro level of national and global economic and political forces, or the micro level of the psychology of individual migrants. Few studies have examined the "culture of migration"—that is, the cultural beliefs and social patterns that influence people to move.  The introduction is available below

Cultures of Migration combines anthropological and geographical sensibilities, as well as sociological and economic models, to explore the household-level decision-making process that prompts migration. The authors draw their examples not only from their previous studies of Mexican Oaxacans and Turkish Kurds but also from migrants from Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific, and many parts of Asia. They examine social, economic, and political factors that can induce a household to decide to send members abroad, along with the cultural beliefs and traditions that can limit migration. The authors look at both transnational and internal migrations, and at shorter- and longer-term stays in the receiving location. They also consider the effect that migration has on those who remain behind. The authors' "culture of migration" model adds an important new dimension to our understanding of the cultural beliefs and social patterns associated with migration and will help specialists better respond to increasing human mobility.

Traditional source countries have been rapidly becoming destination countries. However, the fact remains that there are still countries with surplus populations and others who do not want any more migration. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, there were large population movements between Anatolia and neighbouring territories including the compulsory population exchanges between the newly formed Turkish Republic and Greece between 1923 and 1926. While the majority of non-Muslim minorities left Turkey, Muslim Turks moved in the opposite direction from the countries gaining independence after the collapse of the Empire. However what has put Turkey firmly on the international migration map are the mass labour migrations of the 1960s and 1970s. Following the energy crisis of the early 1970s, Turkish emigration found new destinations in Arab countries, Australia, and the former Soviet Republics in addition to the already established culture and routes of migration. Initial flows have been replaced by family migrations, refugee flows, asylum seeking migrants, and in more recent times the arrival of undocumented migrants in large numbers. Given this, we can identify five distinct periods in recent Turkish migration history: 1) the migration of mainly unskilled and skilled workers  dominating  the initial period from 1961 to 1973; 2) migrations due to family reunions  dominating the second period until 1980; 3) Following the military intervention of 1980, Turkish or Kurdish refugees seeking asylum in Europe, along with flows of contract workers to Arab countries in the 1970s and 1980s; 4)  flows of undocumented persons to Western Europe during the late 1990s and 2000s; 5) the boom in  migration to Turkey with Turkey turning  into an immigrant receiving country  in the 2000s and 2010s.

Uluslararası göç tarihi çok eskilere dayanmasına karşın Türkiye’nin yeni bir göç ülkesi olarak değerlendirilmesine ilgili alan yazınında sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. 1960’lar ve 1970’lerdeki yurtdışına kitlesel işçi akınları dikkate alındığında bu hareketlerin Türkiye’nin “göç geleneği”ni genel olarak belirlediği söylenebilir. Ancak bu dönemin öncesinde ve sonrasında kitlesel işçi göçlerine ek olarak başka tür nüfus hareketleri de yaşanmıştır ve bunlar arasında içe göçlerin büyüklüğü azımsanamayacak düzeyde önemlidir. Özellikle 1900’lü yılların ilk çeyreğinde yeniden belirlenen politik sınırlar ve kurulan yeni ulus-devletlerde bazı nüfusların karşılıklı değişimi sürecine dayalı olarak yaygın nüfus hareketleriyle karşılaşılmıştır.

The new Turkish legislation (Law no.6458) regarding immigration and immigrants in Turkey was approved in the parliament in April 2013 and published in 4th of April.
Turkey has been an immigration destination for an increasing number of people in the last decade or so. Therefore the need for a new com-prehensive legislation was obvious. Following a relatively lengthy period of consultations, the new law came into force. In this study, we particularly focus on the implications of this new law for the protection of individuals from a human insecurity perspective and the deportation of apprehended immigrants and refused asylum seekers. A unified system proposed by the new law along with the newly created General Directorate of Migration is a step in the right direction. Thus, a harmonised effort in line with international human rights standards regarding the deportation issue can be expected. The deportation is restructured by the new law. The new law is drawing upon -often best- practices around the world and not solely based on the practice and experience in Turkey. Hence, the overall attitude is positive and human-itarian. This is evident in various aspects of the law. The new legislation supports the individuals who are accommodated in deportation centres by offering free legal aid to those in need as such is available for Turkish citizens. The detention peri-ods for the deportees are vaguely defined in many European countries. However the new law in Turkey clearly sets this period as up to 6 months. These clearer procedures are in line with interna-tional law. Similarly, in the new law, also a rather decentralised governance is proposed which is again very positive for addressing needs and wants of immigrants/deportees in different re-gions of the country without resorting to lengthy and cumbersome bureaucratic procedures.

In this short case study, we look at a relatively understudied international migration
stream, migration from Turkey to Denmark, with a focus on remittance-sending
behavior. Our analysis draws on recent fi eldwork carried out in Denmark in between
2008 and 2011, thus covering the most recent global fi nancial crisis. Such economic
crises are expected to have an adverse eff ect on the volume of remittance fl ows. We
have examined this eff ect in the case of Danish Turks, who represent the largest group
among Muslim immigrants in Denmark. Our analysis shows that the Turkish immigrants
to Denmark over several decades have developed a transnational space based on
frequent visits home and have maintained ties with the hometowns and villages in the
country of origin, Turkey. We therefore believe that such a transnational space plays a
role in the continuation of remitting practices across generations of Turkish immigrants
in Denmark and partly explains the resiliency of remitting behavior to the fi nancial crisis.
We have limited our analysis to the survey data and qualitative material we collected
during the fi eldwork. Nevertheless, our study also

Call for papers: ***Extended Deadline: 28 May 2015***
Special Issue on the Syrian Crisis and its impact on Migration
Migration Letters invites contributions for a special issue on the Syrian Crisis and Migration. The deteriorating situation in Syria as well as immigration flow from this country has been identified as one of the biggest humanitarian tragedies of our time. Since the insurrections arose in Syria in 2011, the turmoil and violence has caused mass migration to destinations both within and outside the region. According to the UNHCR, 6.5 million Syrians are internally displaced and in addition more than 3 million have fled to neighbouring countries, such as Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. Although the number is quite small when compared to neighbouring countries, a growing number of Syrians have sought asylum in Europe. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their home.
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Göç ve Çocuk Özel Sayısı MAKALE ÇAĞRISI
Özel Sayı Editörü: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yasemin Çakırer Özservet, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul

Yazı Teslimi İçin Son Tarih: 5 Ocak 2016
Göç Dergisi’nin Mayıs 2016’te yayımlanacak olan 5. sayısı, Göç ve Çocuk Özel Sayısı olacaktır.

Çok keskin sınırlarımız olmamakla birlikte, yazı konuları şunlardır:
• Tarih boyunca göç ve çocuk
• Refakatsiz göçmen çocuk ve sorunları
• Göçmen çocuk ve barınma ihtiyacı
• Göçmen çocuk işçiliği
• Göçmen çocuk ve eğitim
• Göçmen çocuk ve sağlık hizmetleri erişimi
• Türkiyeli göçmen çocuklar, göçü çocukken deneyimleyenler ve çocukluk anıları
• Göçmen çocuk ve katılım
• Çocuk ve oyun bağlamında göç olgusu
• Göçmen çocuğa dair edebi metinler

The aim of this paper is to offer an independent measure of the impact of published research in migration studies field. Using the Google Scholar citation database and Ann Harzing ranking software, we have created a long list of most cited works in migration studies and drew a list of 100 top articles and books and 100 most cited authors who appeared in periodicals and books. Like any lists, this one also has some drawbacks but yet it reflects somewhat the influence of the work our colleagues in this fast growing field produce.

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.

Göç ve Edebiyat konusuna ayırmış olduğumuz bu sayımıza katkıda bulunan tüm yazar ve hakemlerimize özellikle teşekkür ederek başlamalıyız. Hem Türkiye’de hem de Avrupa’da göç giderek önemi artan bir mesele olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye gibi en azından yakın tarihi kitlesel ve yoğun göç deneyimleriyle örülü bir ülkedeki ve onu yurtdışına uzanan nüfusundan çıkan yazınsal yapıtların de göç olgusuna yabancı kalmalarını tahayyül etmek güçtür. Bu özel sayı ile özellikle bu alana yeni bir soluk ve açılım getirmeyi amaçladık. Bu bağlamda, 25-27 Haziran 2015 tarihleri arasında Prag’da üçüncüsünü düzenlediğimiz uluslararası Türk Göç Konferansı’nda da göç ve edebiyat konusuna öncelikli bir yer ayırdık. Görece geride kalmış bu alandaki araştırmaların ve kuramsal çalışmaların gelişmesi açısından iki girişimin de önemli fırsatlar sunduğunu ve özendirici bir nitelik taşıdığını düşünüyoruz.

Göç ve Edebiyat konusuna ayırmış olduğumuz bu sayımıza katkıda bulunan tüm yazar ve hakemlerimize özellikle teşekkür ederek başlamalıyız. Hem Türkiye’de hem de Avrupa’da göç giderek önemi artan bir mesele olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye gibi en azından yakın tarihi kitlesel ve yoğun göç deneyimleriyle örülü bir ülkedeki ve onu yurtdışına uzanan nüfusundan çıkan yazınsal yapıtların de göç olgusuna yabancı kalmalarını tahayyül etmek güçtür. Bu özel sayı ile özellikle bu alana yeni bir soluk ve açılım getirmeyi amaçladık. Bu bağlamda, 25-27 Haziran 2015 tarihleri arasında Prag’da üçüncüsünü düzenlediğimiz uluslararası Türk Göç Konferansı’nda da göç ve edebiyat konusuna öncelikli bir yer ayırdık. Görece geride kalmış bu alandaki araştırmaların ve kuramsal çalışmaların gelişmesi açısından iki girişimin de önemli fırsatlar sunduğunu ve özendirici bir nitelik taşıdığını düşünüyoruz. 

Bickhoff, N., Hollensen, S., & Opresnik, M. (2014). The Quintessence of Marketing: What You Really Need to Know to Manage Your Marketing Activities. Springer.

Bickhoff, Hollensen and Opresnik have posed the critical question again: What do marketers really need to know? The Quintessence of Marketing criticises the common view of marketing which places so much emphasis on sales and advertising whilst there is a wide array of activities that make marketing happen.

The book is designed more or less like a handbook for the professional marketer. At the opening, the value of many management books are questioned in terms of volume and length. Thus this relatively short book on key issues and challenges managers face in marketing is the answer according to the series editor.